Acta Gymnica e2021.023 | DOI: 10.5507/ag.2021.023

Linear and non-linear analysis of lower limb joints angle variability during running at different speeds

Peyman Aghaie Ataabadi1, Javad Sarvestan2, Fatemeh Alaei2, Fateme Yazdanbakhsh1, Ali Abbasi1
1 Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Background: Stability is one of the key demands in human locomotion including running. Various kinematical analytical approaches are adopted to investigate the running strategies; nevertheless, the impacts of running speeds on the variability of angles in individual lower limbs joints is still unclear.

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the impact of various running speeds on linear and non-linear variability of the hip, knee and ankle joints movement.

Methods: Twenty-three collegiate athletes (13 females, 10 males, age 22.04 ± 3.43 years, body mass 62.14 ± 9.26 kg, height 168.29 ± 7.06 cm) ran at preferred running speed, 20% lower, and 20% higher than preferred running speed on a treadmill and their lower limbs joints kinematics were recorded using myoMOTION system at the sampling frequency of 200 Hz. The repeated measure analysis of variance test was adopted to investigate the linear (mean and standard deviation) and non-linear (Lyapunov exponent) variability of the hip, knee and ankle angle in sagittal, frontal and transverse planes throughout the running cycle.

Results: No significant difference was observed between the lower limbs joint angles variability in linear analysis, while the Lyapunov exponent of the hip (p = .008, ηp2 = .338), knee (p = .002, ηp2 = .249) joints in the sagittal plane significantly increased as running speed increased.

Conclusions: Findings of this study revealed that the hip and knee joints respond with more freedom of movement in the sagittal plane while walking speed increases, although nonlinear approaches were the only ones capable of detecting it. Given that speed changes might reduce body stability, it appears that these joints are attempting to maintain body stability by regulating internal body system perturbations by increasing their variability.

Keywords: Lyapunov exponent, kinematic variability, non-linear, running biomechanics

Received: September 27, 2021; Revised: October 31, 2021; Accepted: November 14, 2021; Published online: November 24, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Aghaie Ataabadi, P., Sarvestan, J., Alaei, F., Yazdanbakhsh, F., & Abbasi, A. (2021). Linear and non-linear analysis of lower limb joints angle variability during running at different speeds. Acta Gymnica, 51, Article e2021.023. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.023
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abbasi, A., Yazdanbakhsh, F., Tazji, M. K., Aghaie Ataabadi, P., Svoboda, Z., Nazarpour, K., & Vieira, M. F. (2020). A comparison of coordination and its variability in lower extremity segments during treadmill and overground running at different speeds. Gait and Posture, 79, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.04.022 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Abbasi, A., Zamanian, M., & Svoboda, Z. (2019). Nonlinear approach to study the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on local dynamic stability in lower extremity joint kinematics and muscular activity during pedalling. Human Movement Science, 66, 440-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.025 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Bailey, C. A., Porta, M., Pilloni, G., Arippa, F., Côté, J. N., & Pau, M. (2020). Does variability in motor output at individual joints predict stride time variability in gait? Influences of age, sex, and plane of motion. Journal of Biomechanics, 99, Article 109574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109574 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Berner, K., Cockcroft, J., Morris, L. D., & Louw, Q. (2020). Concurrent validity and within-session reliability of gait kinematics measured using an inertial motion capture system with repeated calibration. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(4), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Bizovska, L., Svoboda, Z., Janura, M., Bisi, M. C., & Vuillerme, N. (2018). Local dynamic stability during gait for predicting falls in elderly people: A one-year prospective study. PLOS ONE, 13(5), Article e0197091. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197091 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Bruijn, S. M., Bregman, D. J., Meijer, O. G., Beek, P. J., & van Dieën, J. H. (2012). Maximum Lyapunov exponents as predictors of global gait stability: A modelling approach. Medical Engineering & Physics, 34(4), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.07.024 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Bruijn, S. M., Meijer, O., Beek, P., & van Dieën, J. H. (2013). Assessing the stability of human locomotion: A review of current measures. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 10(83), Article 20120999. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0999 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Bruijn, S. M., van Dieën, J. H., Meijer, O. G., & Beek, P. J. (2009). Is slow walking more stable? Journal of Biomechanics, 42(10), 1506-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.03.047 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Chau, T., Young, S., & Redekop, S. (2005). Managing variability in the summary and comparison of gait data. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-2-22 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Dingwell, J. B., & Cusumano, J. P. (2000). Nonlinear time series analysis of normal and pathological human walking. Chaos, 10(4), 848-863. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1324008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Dingwell, J. B., Cusumano, J. P., Cavanagh, P., & Sternad, D. (2001). Local dynamic stability versus kinematic variability of continuous overground and treadmill walking. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 123(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1336798 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Dingwell, J. B., & Marin, L. C. (2006). Kinematic variability and local dynamic stability of upper body motions when walking at different speeds. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(3), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.12.014 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Ekizos, A., Santuz, A., & Arampatzis, A. (2017). Transition from shod to barefoot alters dynamic stability during running. Gait and Posture, 56, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.035 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. England, S. A., & Granata, K. P. (2007). The influence of gait speed on local dynamic stability of walking. Gait and Posture, 25(2), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.03.003 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203630 Go to original source...
    16. Fraser, A. (1986). Using mutual information to estimate metric entropy. In G. Mayer-Kress (Ed.), Dimensions and entropies in chaotic systems (pp. 82-91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71001-8_11 Go to original source...
    17. Fukuchi, R. K., Fukuchi, C. A., & Duarte, M. (2017). A public dataset of running biomechanics and the effects of running speed on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. PeerJ, 5, Article e3298. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3298 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Graham, R. B., & Brown, S. H. (2014). Local dynamic stability of spine muscle activation and stiffness patterns during repetitive lifting. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 136(12), Article 121006. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028818 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Hamill, J., & Knutzen, K. M. (2006). Biomechanical basis of human movement (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
    20. Jasiewicz, J. M., Allum, J. H., Middleton, J. W., Barriskill, A., Condie, P., Purcell, B., & Li, R. C. T. (2006). Gait event detection using linear accelerometers or angular velocity transducers in able-bodied and spinal-cord injured individuals. Gait and Posture, 24(4), 502-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.12.017 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Jordan, K., Challis, J. H., Cusumano, J. P., & Newell, K. M. (2009). Stability and the time-dependent structure of gait variability in walking and running. Human Movement Science, 28(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.09.001 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Jordan, K., Challis, J. H., & Newell, K. M. (2007). Walking speed influences on gait cycle variability. Gait and Posture, 26(1), 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.010 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Jordan, K., & Newell, K. M. (2008). The structure of variability in human walking and running is speed-dependent. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36(4), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181877d71 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Kang, H. G., & Dingwell, J. B. (2008). Effects of walking speed, strength and range of motion on gait stability in healthy older adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(14), 2899-2905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.08.002 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Kao, P.-C., Higginson, C. I., Seymour, K., Kamerdze, M., & Higginson, J. S. (2015). Walking stability during cell phone use in healthy adults. Gait and Posture, 41(4), 947-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.347 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Kennel, M. B., Brown, R., & Abarbanel, H. D. (1992). Determining embedding dimension for phase-space reconstruction using a geometrical construction. Physical Review A, 45(6), 3403-3411. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.45.3403 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Kibushi, B., Hagio, S., Moritani, T., & Kouzaki, M. (2018). Lower local dynamic stability and invariable orbital stability in the activation of muscle synergies in response to accelerated walking speeds. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, Article 485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00485 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Mehdizadeh, S. (2018). The largest Lyapunov exponent of gait in young and elderly individuals: A systematic review. Gait and Posture, 60, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.12.016 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Mehdizadeh, S., Arshi, A. R., & Davids, K. (2014). Effect of speed on local dynamic stability of locomotion under different task constraints in running. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(8), 791-798. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.905986 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Myers, S. A., Johanning, J. M., Stergiou, N., Celis, R. I., Robinson, L., & Pipinos, I. I. (2009). Gait variability is altered in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 49(4), 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.11.020 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Nakayama, Y., Kudo, K., & Ohtsuki, T. (2010). Variability and fluctuation in running gait cycle of trained runners and non-runners. Gait and Posture, 31(3), 331-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.12.003 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Noehren, B., Schmitz, A., Hempel, R., Westlake, C., & Black, W. (2014). Assessment of strength, flexibility, and running mechanics in men with iliotibial band syndrome. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 44(3), 217-222. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2014.4991 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Rosengren, K. S., Deconinck, F. J., DiBerardino, L. A., III, Polk, J. D., Spencer-Smith, J., De Clercq, D., & Lenoir, M. (2009). Differences in gait complexity and variability between children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Gait and Posture, 29(2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.08.005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Rossignol, S., Dubuc, R., & Gossard, J.-P. (2006). Dynamic sensorimotor interactions in locomotion. Physiological Reviews, 86(1), 89-154. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00028.2005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Sarvestan, J., Aghaie Ataabadi, P., Yazdanbakhsh, F., Abbasi, S., Abbasi, A., & Svoboda, Z. (2021). Lower limb joint angles and their variability during uphill walking. Gait and Posture, 90, 434-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.195 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Sarvestan, J., Svoboda, Z., & Lindu¹ka, P. (2020). Kinematic differences between successful and faulty spikes in young volleyball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(20), 2314-2320. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1782008 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Schache, A. G., Blanch, P. D., Dorn, T. W., Brown, N., Rosemond, D., & Pandy, M. G. (2011). Effect of running speed on lower limb joint kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1260-1271. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182084929 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Schniepp, R., Wuehr, M., Neuhaeusser, M., Kamenova, M., Dimitriadis, K., Klopstock, T., Strupp, M., Brandt, T., & Jahn, K. (2012). Locomotion speed determines gait variability in cerebellar ataxia and vestibular failure. Movement Disorders, 27(1), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23978 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Sink, C. A., & Mvududu, N. H. (2010). Statistical power, sampling, and effect sizes: Three keys to research relevancy. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137810373613 Go to original source...
    40. Stenum, J., Bruijn, S. M., & Jensen, B. R. (2014). The effect of walking speed on local dynamic stability is sensitive to calculation methods. Journal of Biomechanics, 47(15), 3776-3779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.020 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Struzik, A., Konieczny, G., Grzesik, K., Stawarz, M., Winiarski, S., & Rokita, A. (2015). Relationship between lower limbs kinematic variables and effectiveness of sprint during maximum velocity phase. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 17(4), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.5277/ABB-00290-2015-02 Go to original source...
    42. Takens, F. (1981). Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. In D. Rand & L.-S. Young (Eds.), Dynamical systems and turbulence, Warwick 1980 (pp. 366-381). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0091924 Go to original source...
    43. van Melick, N., Meddeler, B. M., Hoogeboom, T. J., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., & van Cingel, R. E. (2017). How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PLOS ONE, 12(12), Article e0189876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189876 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. van Schooten, K. S., Rispens, S. M., Elders, P. J., van Dieën, J. H., & Pijnappels, M. (2014). Toward ambulatory balance assessment: Estimating variability and stability from short bouts of gait. Gait and Posture, 39(2), 695-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.09.020 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Wang, W., Qu, F., Li, S., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of motor skill level and speed on movement variability during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 127, Article 110680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110680 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content